Vaccine 1996 Dec;14(17-18):1703-6 Immune responses following cocktails of inactivated measles vaccine and Arachis hypogaea L. (ground nut) or Cocos nucifera L. (coconut) oils adjuvant. Eghafona NO. "The study suggests that the oils under investigation, particularly to GO (ground nut) oil should be considered as an adjuvant with IMV (Inactivated Measles Vaccine) after extensive study in humans; since it stimulated cellular immune response comparable to that of LMV (Live Measles Vaccine). PMID 9032902

http://www.vran.org/vaccines/anaphylaxis/vaccine-ana.htm

http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_infanrix.pdf

Each dose of the vaccine is calculated to contain sorbitol (14.5 mg), sodium phosphate, sucrose (1.9 mg), sodium chloride, hydrolyzed gelatin (14.5 mg), human albumin (0.3 mg), fetal bovine serum (<1 ppm), other buffer and media ingredients and approximately 25 mcg of neomycin.

Liquid PedvaxHIB is ready to use and does not require a diluent. Each 0.5 mL dose of Liquid PedvaxHIB is a sterile product formulated to contain: 7.5 mcg of Haemophilus b PRP, 125 mcg of Neisseria meningitidis OMPC and 225 mcg of aluminum as amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (previously referred to as aluminum hydroxide), in 0.9% sodium chloride, but does not contain lactose or thimerosal. Liquid PedvaxHIB is a slightly opaque white suspension.

http://www.patentlens.net/daisy/adjuvants/Background/Adjuvant_types.html

Types of adjuvants

Vaccine development has been advancing over the years.  New types of vaccines, such as DNA-based, recombinant subunits, recombinant viruses, and conjugates have been developed and introduced commercially.  These vaccines tend to be safer and less reactogenic than older-style vaccines made from live or killed whole organisms.  Use of new adjuvants that work with these vaccine types and that are less reactogenic has not kept pace with vaccine technology.  Part of the barrier is the stringent regulatory environment.   The hurdles in the U.S. and in Europe to gain approval are high (see, for example, Guideline on Adjuvants in Vaccines for Human Use by The European Medicines Agency).   In nearly 80 years since the first vaccine adjuvant was approved by the FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration), no other adjuvant has been approved by the FDA for use in humans.  The FDA only approves adjuvants in combination with vaccines and does not approve adjuvants alone.  Nevertheless, substantial investment in adjuvant technology continues as evidenced by patent application filings and by clinical studies. 

Adjuvants used in vaccines given to humans

Aluminium salts were the first adjuvants approved by the FDA for use in humans.  Use of alum salts began in the 1930s, before regulatory guidelines became more stringent.  More recently, approvals have been obtained in Europe for MF59 as an adjuvant component of flu vaccine for elderly patients (Fluad^(r) , Novartis Vaccines) and AS04 (combination of alum and MPL, GlaxoSmithKline) as the adjuvant for a viral vaccines (hepatitis B, HPV).

Water-in-oil adjuvant composition - Patent 4069313

Patent 6372223

Vaccine Composition Comprising Alpha-Galactosylceramide as an ...

http://www.vaccinetruth.org/peanut_oil.htm

 

Vaccine. 1995 Oct;13(14):1263-76.

 
Adjuvants for human vaccines--current status, problems and future prospects.

Gupta RK, Siber GR.

Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories, State Laboratory Institute, Boston 02130, USA.

Adjuvants help antigen to elicit an early, high and long-lasting immune response with less antigen, thus saving on vaccine production costs. In recent years, adjuvants received much attention because of the development of purified, subunit and synthetic vaccines which are poor immunogens and require adjuvants to evoke the immune response. With the use of adjuvants immune response can be selectively modulated to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or MHC class II and Th1 or Th2 type, which is very important for protection against diseases caused by intracellular pathogens such as viruses, parasites and bacteria (Mycobacterium). A number of problems are encountered in the development and use of adjuvants for human vaccines. The biggest issue with the use of adjuvants for human vaccines, particularly routine childhood vaccines, is the toxicity and adverse side-effects of most of the adjuvant formulations. At present the choice of adjuvants for human vaccination reflects a compromise between a requirement for adjuvanticity and an acceptable low level of side-effects. Other problems with the development of adjuvants include restricted adjuvanticity of certain formulations to a few antigens, use of aluminum adjuvants as reference adjuvant preparations under suboptimal conditions, non-availability of reliable animal models, use of non-standard assays and biological differences between animal models and humans leading to the failure of promising formulations to show adjuvanticity in clinical trials. The most common adjuvants for human use today are still aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate, although calcium phosphate and oil emulsions also have some use in human vaccinations. During the last 15 years much progress has been made on development, isolation and chemical synthesis of alternative adjuvants such as derivatives of muramyl dipeptide, monophosphoryl lipid A, liposomes, QS21, MF-59 and immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS). Other areas in adjuvant research which have received much attention are the controlled release of vaccine antigens using biodegradable polymer microspheres and reciprocal enhanced immunogenicity of protein-polysaccharide conjugates. Biodegradable polymer microspheres are being evaluated for targeting antigens on mucosal surfaces and for controlled release of vaccines with an aim to reduce the number of doses required for primary immunization. Reciprocal enhanced immunogenicity of protein-polysaccharide conjugates will be useful for the development of combination vaccines.

Publication Types:

• Review

• Review, Tutorial

PMID: 8585280 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]